配方施肥对毛竹林新竹生长及经济效益的影响

通过"3414"施肥试验,研究了不同N、P、K配方施肥对福建三明毛竹林新竹生长及竹林经济产出的影响。结果表明,N、P、K不同配方对新竹的成竹率、新竹胸径与新竹产量以及对竹林经济产出的影响差异显著。14个配方处理中,N2P3K2的新竹数最高,为对照的1.69倍;N2P2K2的新竹胸径和产量均为最大,分别为对照的1.09和1.91倍,且新竹叶片的N、P、K、Mg浓度最为均衡。该试验条件下,施尿素540 kg/hm2、硫酸钾135 kg/hm2、过磷酸钙450~675 kg/hm2,能较为有效地促进新竹生长与产量持续。各配方施肥对毛竹林的增产幅度为18.1%~192.4%,增产效益明显,N2P2K2的竹林产值最高,是对照的2.92倍,资金产出率(产投比)前3位为N2P2K2、N2P3K2和N2P2K3,分别是3.83,3.43和3.26,N素对新竹生长的影响最大,缺N素、P素试验的资金产出率低于无施肥处理。     

Ba(OH)_2加入温度对酚醛树脂胶黏剂性能的影响

采用Ba(OH)_2和NaOH复合催化剂,通过两步甲醛加入法工艺制备酚醛树脂胶黏剂。考察了Ba(OH)_2加入温度对酚醛树脂颜色、黏度、水溶倍数和固化时间的影响,并采用FTIR和DSC对胶黏剂进行了表征。结果表明,随着Ba(OH)_2加入温度升高,所制得胶黏剂的黏度逐渐降低,水溶倍数逐渐增大,固化时间逐渐延长。FTIR测试结果表明,胶黏剂中高活性的邻-邻结构随着Ba(OH)_2加入温度升高而逐渐减少,这正是黏度、水溶倍数和固化时间变化的原因所在。DSC测试结果显示,固化温度和放热量随着Ba(OH)_2加入温度的升高而逐渐增大,表明固化速率降低。综合考虑各项性能,应在60℃时加入Ba(OH)_2制备酚醛树脂。     

Environmental influences on life history strategies in partially anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta,Salmonidae)

This paper reviews the life history of brown trout and factors influencing decisions to migrate. Decisions that maximize fitness appear dependent on size at age. In partly anadromous populations, individuals that attain maturity at the parr stage typically become freshwater resident. For individual fish, the life history is not genetically fixed and can be modified by the previous growth history and energetic state in early life. This phenotypic plasticity may be influenced by epigenetic modifications of the genome. Thus, factors influencing survival and growth determine life‐history decisions. These are intra‐ and interspecific competition, feeding and shelter opportunities in freshwater and salt water, temperature in alternative habitats and flow conditions in running water. Male trout exhibit alternative mating strategies and can spawn as a subordinate sneaker or a dominant competitor. Females do not exhibit alternative mating behaviour. The relationship between growth, size and reproductive success differs between sexes in that females exhibit a higher tendency to migrate than males. Southern populations are sensitive to global warming. In addition, fisheries, aquaculture with increased spreading of salmon lice, introduction of new species, weirs and river regulation, poor water quality and coastal developments all threaten trout populations. The paper summarizes life‐history data from six populations across Europe and ends by presenting new research questions and directions for future research.     

感应式高压静电喷头雾滴荷电效果影响因素分析

为研究如何在有限的充电电压下获得良好的雾滴荷电效果,首先建立了雾滴荷电过程的等效模型,对影响雾滴荷电效果的关键性参数进行理论推导;然后采取圆环形和仿形两种电极形式,取3个高压电极的关键性技术参数,设计4种不同的高压电极方案;最后配合2、2.5mm两种不同的绝缘层厚度,为雾锥角为80°的空心圆锥雾喷头TR 80-04设计了8种不同的高压静电罩,用网状目标法与法拉第筒法结合的荷质比测量系统对其荷电比进行测量,以荷质比评价其荷电效果的优劣。结果证明:理论分析与试验研究达到了良好的一致性,仿形电极的荷电效果明显优于圆环形电极,且电极宽度、电极中心到喷口的轴向距离与雾滴荷质比正相关,为高压静电罩的合理设计提供了可靠的理论和试验依据。     

Impact of high temperatures on the marketable tuber yield and related traits of potato

A rapid warming of 2.8–5.3 °C by the end of this century is expected in South Korea. Considering the current temperature during the spring potato growing season (emergence to harvest; ca. 18 °C), which is near the upper limit of the optimum temperature for potato yield, the anticipated warming will adversely affect potato production in South Korea. The present study assessed the impact of high temperature on the marketable tuber yield and related traits of cv. Superior (which makes up 71% of the annual potato production in South Korea) in four temperature-controlled plastic houses and an outdoor field (37.27°N, 126.99°E) during 2015–2016. The target temperatures of the four plastic houses were set to ambient (AT), AT+1.5 °C, AT+3.0 °C, and AT+5.0 °C. The marketable tuber yield was significantly reduced by 11% per 1 °C increase over a temperature range of 19.1–27.7 °C. The negative impact of high temperature was associated not only with the yield loss of total tubers, which was mostly explained by the slower tuber bulking rate, but also the reduced marketable tuber ratio under temperatures above 23 °C, which was mainly attributed to the reduced number of marketable tubers (r = 0.79***). Under moderate temperatures below 23 °C, the source limited the number of marketable tubers without reducing the marketable tuber ratio. In contrast, the number of marketable tubers was limited by the marketable tuber set at the early growth stage rather than the source under the higher temperatures, which resulted in the reduction in the marketable tuber ratio below 56%. These results suggest that the objectives of breeding and agronomic management for adapting to the rapid warming in South Korea should include maintaining the ability to form tubers at the early growth stage under high temperatures, as well as the photosynthetic capacity and sink strength of the tubers.     

ZnO/Na 2 O(mol)对cBN陶瓷砂轮性能的影响

通过DSC -TG综合热分析、X衍射分析、线膨胀测试仪、扫描电镜等测试方法研究了ZnO/Na 2 O(mol)（ Z 值）对Li 2 O -K 2 O -SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -B 2 O 3 系陶瓷结合剂及立方氮化硼砂轮性能的影响，结果发现：ZnO能够抑制α -石英晶相析出，诱导析出低膨胀晶体Li 2 OAl 2 O 3 7.5SiO 2 ，并随着 Z 值的增加，α -石英减少，Li 2 OAl 2 O 3 7.5SiO 2 晶体逐渐增多， Li 2 OAl 2 O 3 7.5SiO 2 晶型结构趋于完整，晶粒尺寸减小，结构更加致密；当砂轮配方一定时，砂轮的体积密度、抗弯曲强度、洛氏硬度均随着 Z 值的增加而增大，气孔率减小，磨削（干磨）铸铁（QT400）时磨耗比先增加后减小；当 Z =0.75时，结合剂的膨胀系数为6.902 9×10 -6 K - 1 ，耐火度为805 ℃，砂轮的烧结温度为845 ℃，抗弯曲强度为73.97 MPa，气孔率为15.65%，磨耗比最大为156.42%.     

低溶胀壳聚糖/丝素蛋白复合膜的制备及性能测试

为改善单纯壳聚糖膜用作医用创面敷料在湿环境下的力学性能,将壳聚糖(CS)和家蚕丝素蛋白(SF)混合,采用延流法制备壳聚糖/丝素蛋白(CS/SF)复合膜。物理与机械性能测试表明:CS/SF复合膜的溶胀率较单纯CS膜显著降低,且其溶胀能力具有pH依赖性;CS/SF复合膜的水蒸气透过率较单纯CS膜略有下降,但仍保持在2 043～3 363 g/(m2.d);CS/SF复合膜在湿环境下的力学强度较单纯CS膜显著提高,当加入SF的质量分数为15%时,复合膜的力学性能最好,其拉伸强度为34.5 MPa±1.8 MPa,比单纯CS膜提高近18%,而其断裂伸长率也由初始的83.1%±6.7%提高到119.3%±8.2%。CS/SF复合膜具有较好的药物释放性能,对抗感染药物盐酸万古霉素表现出在初始1 h内的突释行为和随后较长时期的缓释行为,十分有利于降低感染和加速伤口愈合。此外,CS/SF复合膜对STO小鼠胚成纤维细胞具有良好的生物相容性。各项性能测试显示CS/SF复合膜作为医用敷料具有潜在的应用前景。     

Modelling soil erodibility in mountain rangelands of southern Kyrgyzstan

Soil erosion in mountain rangelands in Kyrgyzstan is an emerging problem due to vegetation loss caused by overgrazing. It is further exacerbated by mountain terrain and high precipitation values in Fergana range in the south of Kyrgyzstan. The main objective of this study was to map soil erodibility in the mountainous rangelands of Kyrgyzstan. The results of this effort are expected to contribute to the development of soil erodibility modelling approaches for mountainous areas. In this study, we mapped soil erodibility at two sites, both representing grazing rangelands in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan and having potentially different levels of grazing pressure. We collected a total of 232 soil samples evenly distributed in geographical space and feature space. Then we analyzed the samples in laboratory for grain size distribution and calculated soil erodibility values from these data using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) K-factor formula. After that, we derived different terrain indices and ratios of frequency bands from ASTER GDEM and LANDSAT images to use as auxiliary data because they are among the main soil forming factors and widely used for prediction of various soil properties. Soil erodibility was significantly correlated with channel network base level (geographically extrapolated altitude of water channels), remotely sensed indices of short-wave infrared spectral bands, exposition, and slope degree. We applied multiple regression analysis to predict soil erodibility from spatially explicit terrain and remotely sensed indices. The final soil erodibility model was developed using the spatially explicit predictors and the regression equation and then improved by adding the residuals. The spatial resolution of the model was 30 m, and the estimated mean adjusted coefficient of determination was 0.47. The two sites indicated different estimated and predicted means of soil erodibility values (0.035 and 0.039) with a 0.05 significance level, which is attributed mainly to the considerable difference in elevation.     

水平摘锭式采棉机采摘头传动系统优化与试验

为了提高水平摘锭式采棉机的作业效率,针对国产采棉机在高速作业过程中存在采摘速比系数匹配不当、采摘头传动系统不合理的问题,该研究根据水平摘锭式采棉机采摘头结构与工作原理,对采摘头传动系统、采棉机采摘机理进行分析,根据传动系统传动要求和采棉机采摘条件,建立目标函数与约束条件,运用遗传算法和1stOpt软件对采摘头传动系统进行优化分析。优化结果为:滚筒动力齿轮齿数为72,离合器上齿轮变位系数为-0.14,滚筒动力齿轮变位系数为1.208,齿轮顶隙系数为1.25。结合采棉机作业要求搭建棉花采摘性能试验台,选取采摘滚筒转速113～143 r/min、作业速度5.93～7.20km/h,对优化前后采摘头的作业性能进行验证试验。结果表明:优化后的采摘头作业速度由6.4km/h提升至7.2 km/h,工作效率由4.86 hm~2/h提升至5.47 hm~2/h,提高了12.5%;优化后的采摘头在7.2 km/h的作业速度下,采净率由90.4%提升至93.7%,采净率提高了3.6%,含杂率由10.28%降至9.72%,含杂率降低了5.4%,验证了传动系统优化结果的合理性。该研究可为国产采棉机采摘头的研发提供参考。     

C/N比对好氧堆肥中NH3挥发损失和含氮有机物转化的影响

利用牛粪和不同比例玉米秸秆的混合,设置5个不同C/N比处理(T1=15、T2=20、T3=25、T4=30、T5=35),研究其对条垛式好氧堆肥过程中的NH_3挥发损失和含氮有机物转化的影响。结果表明:在肥堆前24 d有11.1%～23.1%的总氮损失,堆体C/N比越低,总氮损失率越高。堆肥结束时,T1～T5处理的总氮损失率为10.1%～24.1%,其中由NH_3挥发造成的氮损失占总氮损失的30.9%～40.5%。堆肥过程的NH_3挥发主要发生在升温期和高温期,此期的NH_3挥发量占总挥发量的95%以上,是总氮损失的主要途径。堆肥前6 d各处理堆体铵态氮积累并达到最高值,导致pH值迅速升高,是造成堆肥NH_3挥发的直接原因。堆体C/N比越低,pH值越高,NH_3挥发量越大,由此造成的氮损失占总氮损失的比例越大。堆肥材料总氮的90%以上为有机氮,其降解主要发生在堆肥前24 d,堆体初始C/N比越低,有机氮矿化越快。不同有机氮组分的降解速率不同,以氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮的降解为主。当堆体初始C/N比低于25时,堆肥材料中氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮等有机态氮快速降解产生大量的铵态氮,由此导致堆体pH值的迅速升高,是导致堆肥过程中大量NH_3挥发和氮素损失的主要原因。